Digital Electronics free essay sample

Digital electronics is classified into combinational logic and sequential logic. Combinational logic output depends on the inputs levels, whereas sequential logic output depends on stored levels and also the input levels. [pic] [pic] [pic] The memory elements are devices capable of storing binary info. The binary info stored in the memory elements at any given time defines the state of the sequential circuit. The input and the present state of the memory element determines the output. Memory elements next state is also a function of external inputs and present state. A sequential circuit is specified by a time sequence of inputs, outputs, and internal states. [pic] There are two types of sequential circuits. Their classification depends on the timing of their signals: [pic] †¢ Synchronous sequential circuits †¢ Asynchronous sequential circuits [pic] [pic][pic][pic] [pic] [pic]Asynchronous sequential circuit This is a system whose outputs depend upon the order in which its input variables change and can be affected at any instant of time. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Electronics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page pic] Gate-type asynchronous systems are basically combinational circuits with feedback paths. Because of the feedback among logic gates, the system may, at times, become unstable. Consequently they are not often used. [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic]Synchronous sequential circuits This type of system uses storage elements called flip-flops that are employed to change their binary value only at discrete instants of time. Synchronous sequential circuits use logic gates and flip-flop storage devices. Sequential circuits have a clock signal as one of their inputs. All state transitions in such circuits occur only when the clock value is either 0 or 1 or happen at the rising or falling edges of the clock depending on the type of memory elements used in the circuit. Synchronization is achieved by a timing device called a clock pulse generator. Clock pulses are distributed throughout the system in such a way that the flip-flops are affected only with the arrival of the synchronization pulse. Synchronous sequential circuits that use clock pulses in the inputs are called clocked-sequential circuits. They are stable and their timing can easily be broken down into independent discrete steps, each of which is considered separately. [pic] [pic] [pic] A clock signal is a periodic square wave that indefinitely switches from 0 to 1 and from 1 to 0 at fixed intervals. Clock cycle time or clock period: the time interval between two consecutive rising or falling edges of the clock. [pic] Clock Frequency = 1 / clock cycle time (measured in cycles per second or Hz) [pic] Example:Clock cycle time = 10ns clock frequency = 100Mhz Concept of Sequential Logic A sequential circuit as seen in the last page, is combinational logic with some feedback to maintain its current value, like a memory cell. To understand the basics lets consider the basic feedback logic circuit below, which is a simple NOT gate whose output is connected to its input. The effect is that output oscillates between HIGH and LOW (i. e. 1 and 0). Oscillation frequency depends on gate delay and wire delay. Assuming a wire delay of 0 and a gate delay of 10ns, then oscillation frequency would be (on time + off time = 20ns) 50Mhz. [pic] [pic] [pic] The basic idea of having the feedback is to store the value or hold the value, but in the above circuit, output keeps toggling. We can overcome this problem with the circuit below, which is basically cascading two inverters, so that the feedback is in-phase, thus avoids toggling. The equivalent circuit is the same as having a buffer with its output connected to its input. [pic] [pic] [pic] But there is a problem here too: each gate output value is stable, but what will it be? Or in other words buffer output can not be known. There is no way to tell. If we could know or set the value we would have a simple 1-bit storage/memory element. pic] The circuit below is the same as the inverters connected back to back with provision to set the state